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The Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014 (previously called the "Kill the Gays bill" in the western mainstream media due to death penalty clauses proposed in the original version)〔(The Anti Homosexuality Bill. 2009. ) Warren Throckmorton website (this site is linked from ''The New York Times'' story by Jeffrey Gettleman). See also: (Bill contents hosted at Googledocs ). Retrieved 7 and 10 January 2010.〕〔Malone, Barry (13 May 2011). (Uganda's "kill the gays" bill shelved again ) Reuters. Retrieved 2 September 2011〕〔Thockmorton, Warren (23 July 2011). (Pastor decries "misrepresentation" of "kill the gays" bill ), Salon.com. Retrieved 2 September 2011.〕〔Pearson, Christopher (16 January 2011.) (Don't blame preachers for anti-gay bill ), ''The Australian''. Retrieved 2 September 2011.〕 was passed by the Parliament of Uganda on 20 December 2013 with life in prison substituted for the death penalty. The bill was signed into law by the President of Uganda on 24 February 2014. On 1 August 2014, however, the Constitutional Court of Uganda ruled the Act invalid on procedural grounds. The Act, should it take effect, would broaden the criminalisation of same-sex relations in Uganda domestically. It also includes provisions about persons outside of Uganda who are charged with violating the Act, asserting that they may be extradited to Uganda for punishment there. The Act also includes penalties for individuals, companies, and non-governmental organisations that aid or abet same-sex sexual acts, including conducting a gay marriage. Same-sex relationships have been illegal in Uganda since British colonial rule — as they are in many sub-Saharan African countries — and before this Act was passed, they were punishable by incarceration in prison for up to 14 years. The Act was introduced as a private member's bill by Member of Parliament (MP) David Bahati on 14 October 2009. A special motion to introduce the bill was passed a month after a two-day conference was held in which three Christians from the United States (US) asserted that homosexuality is a direct threat to the cohesion of African families. Several sources have noted that the Act has exacerbated both the endemic homophobia in Uganda and the associated discussions about it. ==Background== According to human rights organisations, at least 500,000 gay people live in Uganda out of a population of 31 million, whereas, statistically, the gay population should be considerably higher than this. The government of Uganda contests that number as inflated, and the BBC states that it is "impossible" to determine the actual number.〔Mmali, Joshua (22 December 2009). (Uganda fear over gay death-penalty plans ), BBC. Retrieved 7 January 2010.〕 Existing laws criminalise homosexual behavior with prison sentences lasting up to 14 years. These laws are remnants of British colonialism designed to punish what colonial authorities deemed "unnatural sex" among local Ugandan people.〔(Uganda: ‘Anti-Homosexuality’ Bill Threatens Liberties and Human Rights Defenders ), Human Rights Watch (15 October 2009). Retrieved 7 January 2010.〕〔 In some areas, male homosexuality was age-stratified, similar to ancient Greece where warriors purchased boys as brides, common when women were not available, or manifested as fleeting encounters as in prostitution.〔Murray, Stephen O. (2005). (Homosexuality in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa ), hosted at Le Seminaire Gai (hosting site in French). Retrieved 9 January 2010.〕 Human Rights groups have demanded reform of those laws and decriminalisation of homosexuality and asserted that the laws reinforce prejudice and promote violence against LGBT people.〔(), Pambazuka News (26 February 2014).〕 According to a reporter in Africa, "Africans see homosexuality as being both un-African and un-Christian".〔 Thirty-eight of 53 African nations criminalise homosexuality in some way.〔(The love that still dare not speak its name ), ''The Independent'', (11 January 2010). Retrieved 11 January 2010.〕 A 2013 poll found that the overwhelming majority of Ugandans disapproved of homosexuality.〔http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/〕 In sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa and Namibia are the only governments to support LGBT rights, but even there, curative rape is used against men and women, such as in the murder of Eudy Simelane, and violence is sometimes met with police inaction and apathy. Like the conditions in many other African nations, gays in Uganda currently face an atmosphere of physical abuse, vandalism to their property, blackmail, death threats, and "correctional rape".〔〔Rice, Xan (29 November 2009). (Uganda considers death sentence for gay sex in bill before parliament ), ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 7 January 2010.〕 From 5 to 8 March 2009, a workshop organised by the Family Life Network, led by Ugandan Stephen Langa, and entitled "Seminar on Exposing the Homosexuals' Agenda" took place in Kampala, the capital of Uganda.〔 The workshop featured three US evangelical Christians: Scott Lively, an author who has written several books opposing homosexuality; Caleb Lee Brundidge, a self-professed former gay man who conducts sessions to heal homosexuality; and Don Schmierer, a board member of Exodus International, an organisation devoted to promoting "freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ".〔(About us ), Exodus International (2005). Retrieved 7 January 2009.〕〔(''exgaywatch.com'' ), 2009/03.〕 The theme of the conference, according to ''The New York Times'', was the "gay agenda": "how to make gay people straight, how gay men often sodomized teenage boys and how 'the gay movement is an evil institution' whose goal is 'to defeat the marriage-based society and replace it with a culture of sexual promiscuity' ".〔Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 January 2010). (Americans’ Role Seen in Uganda Anti-Gay Push ), ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 7 January 2010.〕 Kapya Kaoma, an Anglican priest from Zambia, was in attendance and reported on the conference. Lively asserted in his workshops that legalizing homosexuality would be akin to accepting child molestation and bestiality. He also claimed that gays threaten society by causing higher divorce rates, child abuse, and HIV transmission. He said that US homosexuals are out to recruit young people into homosexual lifestyles. According to Kaoma, one of the thousands of Ugandans in attendance announced during the conference, "(parliament ) feels it is necessary to draft a new law that deals comprehensively with the issue of homosexuality and ... takes into account the international gay agenda.... Right now there is a proposal that a new law be drafted."〔Kaoma, Kapya (Winter 09/Spring 10). (The U.S. Christian Right and the Attack on Gays in Africa ), PublicEye.org. Retrieved 7 January 2010.〕 Also during March 2009, Lively met with several Ugandan MPs and Minister of Ethics and Integrity James Nsaba Buturo. Lively then wrote in his blog that Langa was "overjoyed with the results of our efforts and predicted confidently that the coming weeks would see significant improvement in the moral climate of the nation, and a massive increase in pro-family activism in every social sphere. He said that a respected observer of society in Kampala had told him that our campaign was like a nuclear bomb against the 'gay' agenda in Uganda. I pray that this, and the predictions, are true."〔Lively, Scott (17 March 2009). (Report from Uganda ), The Pro-Family Resource Center of Abiding Life Ministries. Retrieved 11 January 2010.〕 In April 2009, a local Ugandan newspaper printed the names of suspected homosexuals, another printed tips on how to identify gays for the general public,〔 and, in October 2010, another named ''Rolling Stone'' (unaffiliated with the American ''Rolling Stone'') published a story featuring a list of the nation's 100 "top" gays and lesbians with their photos and addresses. Next to the list was a yellow strip with the words "hang them". Julian Pepe, a program coordinator for Sexual Minorities Uganda, said that people named in the story were living in fear and that attacks have begun, prompting many to abandon their jobs and others to relocate. The paper's editor justified the list to expose gays and lesbians so authorities could arrest them, while Buturo dismissed complaints from gay people and sympathisers by stating that protests about the outing is part of a campaign to mobilise support and sympathy from outside the country.〔(Uganda newspaper publishes 'gay list,' calls for their hanging ), CNN. Retrieved 27 October 2010.〕〔('Hang them': Uganda paper publishes photos of gays ) ''The Washington Post'' (19 October 2010). Retrieved 27 October 2010.〕 The high court of Uganda ordered ''Rolling Stone'' to stop publishing images of gay and lesbian people after David Kato and several others sued the paper. Langa specifically cited the unlicensed conversion therapist Richard A. Cohen, who stated in ''Coming Out Straight,'' a book that was given to Langa and other prominent Ugandans, Homosexuals are at least 12 times more likely to molest children than heterosexuals; homosexual teachers are at least 7 times more likely to molest a pupil; homosexual teachers are estimated to have committed at least 25 percent of pupil molestation; 40 percent of molestation assaults were made by those who engage in homosexuality.These statements were based on faulty studies performed by Paul Cameron, who has been expelled from the American Psychological Association, the Canadian Psychological Association, and the American Sociological Association, and Cohen confirmed their weaknesses, stating that when the book is reprinted, these statistics will be removed.〔(Rachel Maddow Shuts Down Gay-Cure Advocate ), ''New York'' (magazine) (9 December 2009). Retrieved 8 January 2010.〕〔(Richard Cohen: Gay-To-Straight 'Therapist' Spars With Rachel Maddow (VIDEO) ), The Huffington Post (9 December 2009). Retrieved 8 January 2010.〕〔(Interview with Richard Cohen ) ''The Rachel Maddow Show'' (9 December 2009). Retrieved 8 January 2010.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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